Б1.Б.3. Иностранный язык (английский) Сборник текстов для бакалавров направление 270800 Строительство
Рекомендовано к изданию методической комиссией факультета землеустройства и лесного хозяйства Башкирского государственного аграрного университета, протокол №4 от 26 декабря 2011 г.
Составители: к.ф.н., доцент кафедры иностранных языков З.Н. Изимариева, ассистент кафедры иностранных языков Ю.В. Калугина.
Рецензент: к.с.н., доцент кафедры иностранных языков Р.М. Нутфулина.
Ответственный за выпуск: зав. кафедрой английского языка к.ф.н., доцент О.Н.Новикова
Методические указания студентам.
1. Чтение и перевод текстов по специальности является одной из форм самостоятельной работы при прохождении программного материала.
2. Процесс работы предполагает чтение и перевод текстов, а затем ответы на вопросы. Необходимо прочитать несколько текстов, чтобы набрать 5 тысяч знаков для получения зачета.
3. Необходимо иметь любой грамматический справочник и англо-русский словарь (не менее10 тысяч слов).
5. Большинство английских слов являются многозначными, поэтому в словаре необходимо выбирать нужное значение в соответствии с общим содержанием переводимого текста.
6. Умение вычленять в слове корень, префикс, суффикс поможет определить значение неизвестного слова.
7. Устойчивые словосочетания не поддаются буквальному переводу.
1. What is engineering?
2. From the history of human dwellings.
3. Building materials in the hot climate zones
9. Portland cementand sand
11. Building stones
12. Sandstones and limestones
13. Walls and partitions
14. Walls of bricks
15. Disadvantages of the brick walls
19. Fire resistance
20. Concrete structures
21. Different methods of heating and ventilation
1. What is engineering?
In general, engineering is a science that deals with design, construction and operation of structures, machines, engines and other devices. Engineer is a person who has received technical education and has a basic knowledge of other engineering fields, because most engineering problems are complex and interrelated. The term engineering is difficult to translate into Russian because it has a lot of meanings. Most often it is translated as: инженерное дело, техника, машиностроение, строительство. There exist the following main branches of engineering: Civil Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Electronic Engineering, Safety Engineering and others.
Civil engineering deals with the design of large buildings, roads, bridges, dams, canals, railway lines, airports, tunnels and other constructions. A civil engineer must have a thorough knowledge of the properties and mechanics of construction materials, the mechanics of structures and soils, and of hydraulics and fluid mechanics. Among the main subdivisions in this field are construction engineering, transports engineer and hydraulic engineering.
Тексты на английском языке для студентов строительных специальностей
Тексты на английском языке для студентов строительных колледжей.
Text 1: Builder job description. What does a Builder do?
Builders oversee, coordinate and work on the construction or repair of homes and other buildings. In addition to undertaking some of the works personally, some Builders also manage the entire project. This may include arranging for subcontractors to complete specific jobs, and making sure that the project meets industry and government regulations as well as the clients’ requirements.
Builders usually work outdoors in industrial conditions as part of a construction team, and may be required to operate machinery. Due to the hazardous nature of construction work, Builders must comply with strict safety regulations, including and using wearing protective equipment and ensuring the site is safe for all personnel.
Text 2: As a Builder, you’ll be responsible for a range of manual, managerial and administrative responsibilities, which may include:
• Interpreting plans or organizing for plans to be drawn that meet building code regulations and client specifications.
• Providing quotes or submitting tenders for building works.
• Submitting plans to local authorities for approval.
• Arranging inspections of building work.
• Organizing contractors including carpenters, electricians, plumbers and painters to carry out building tasks.
• Undertaking some building work personally.
• Calculating quantities and costs and sourcing of building materials and labor.
• Supervising contractors or employees to ensure safety standards are maintained and works remain on schedule.
• Coordinating administrative tasks such as payment.
Text 3:Design Principles
To meet the cultural, social, and physical requirements of the residents, and to provide a safe dwelling to shelter them from the hazards that may impact from their
environment, a house must be properly designed. In order that the house provides for all the family needs, and keeps them and their loved ones and belongings safe, the following aspects of a house or a structure must be considered in the design:
A safe house must be based on a strong foundation and therefore this must be given primary attention. Problems with foundations not properly designed lead to unequal settlement, cracking of walls and floor, and structural weakness. To resist outside forces, a house needs a coherent and simple structure.
Text4: Building material is any material used for construction purpose such as materials for house building. Wood, cement, aggregates, metals, bricks, concrete, clay are the most common type of building material used in construction. The choices of these are based on their cost effectiveness for building projects.
Many naturally occurring substances, such as clay, sand, wood and rocks, even twigs and leaves have been used to construct buildings. Apart from naturally occurring materials, many man-made products are in use, some more and some less synthetic.
The manufacture of building materials is an established industry in many countries and the use of these materials is typically segmented into specific specialty trades, such as carpentry, plumbing, roofing and insulation work. This reference deals with habitats and structures including homes.
Text 5:Example of bad and good location. This house is located on a river bed, close to running water, where it is very vulnerable to flooding. Not only the house, but also its contents are vulnerable to destruction due to heavy rains. Houses should not be built in such obviously vulnerable locations, or if they are, they should be designed to resist the hazards of their location.
Liquefaction. Example of a well built and well-structured house that was not quite finished when a major hazard struck. The house was structurally good but the foundations were poor for this location. Due to a major earthquake the foundations suffered from liquefaction of the ground, and due to the weight of the house, it subsided unevenly into the ground.
This regularly structured building is able to withstand the impact of hazards. Notice the structure of columns and floors which are all joined to each other in a regular format. Overhanging parts of the building are all well supported by continuous columns to the foundations.
Text 6:What is Eco-friendly material?
Dictionary: describes a product that has been designed to do the least possible damage to the environment. US EPA – EPP program defines as: “products or services that have a lesser or reduced effect on human health and the environment when compared with competing products or services that serve the same purpose”. Thus we talk of two issues – one that it does the least possible environmental damage and two that it is a comparative scale as there are very few materials that are completely eco-friendly. One more point to note when we talk of eco-friendly construction is that it consist of two parts – Material and Technique.
Construction — Строительство
Construction is one of the oldest human occupations. The ancient people, if there were no caves, they had to build themselves small huts to wait out the cold night, shelter from insects or predators. Later, people began to show a creative approach to construction. So in ancient Egypt, people without technology, thanks to only one labor, huge costs, knowledge and skills of Egyptian architects and builders were able to build huge structures that have survived to this day. The skill of builders can also confirm that sometimes they have to work without insurance. Remember at least a photo from the construction of Rockefeller Center in Manhattan, when workers at a giant height quietly enjoy a lunch break. And it’s not that it’s a staged photo or not, and that it was typical of the time, insurance that the builders there.
The profession of the Builder is very ancient. People began to build their first homes in the primitive time when he decided to get out of the caves. In antiquity, the construction was engaged in a multi-million army of slaves. Later these works were performed by employees. But always appreciated the master of his craft. It was their hands that created masterpieces of world architecture: palaces, temples, pyramids and just houses. To this day, many buildings have survived, the age of which is measured by millennia.
As for the profession itself, choosing it, you need to keep in mind that it is difficult and requires constant dedication combined with painstaking daily work. This is difficult in the snow, in wind, in heat, no retreat, no surrender positions. But it is difficult to imagine today the modern life of the city and the village without masons, installers, finishers, carpenters, welders. Therefore, I believe that the profession of Builder opens a list of the most necessary professions today. At the same time, the construction profession is the most peaceful, because it is the builders who give people shelter, a sense of comfort and security of their own home.
Now the profession of the Builder is not only one of the most popular and demanded, but also one of the highest paid working professions. After all, a new modern society is built not only in the figurative sense of the word, but literally. And construction, in turn, activates many other industries and the economy, supplying construction sites with various materials, transport, construction equipment and many others.
Build-does do not mean only to build any structure. It also means creating, create and create, because the construction of a truly beautiful building requires not only certain knowledge and experience but also talent. Therefore, the profession of Builder at all times was surrounded by universal honor and respect. In addition, the work of the Builder is always in front of everyone and skillfully performing it, a person brings joy and aesthetic pleasure to others. Creation is inherent in human nature, which can be proved by the fact that from the first days of its existence, man is engaged in construction. For a person who has chosen the profession of a Builder, however, as for any other profession, the defining qualities are decency, responsibility, diligence and, of course, love for their work.
Thus, construction ensures the development of production and guarantees employment. All this gives a real visibility of changes for the better and guarantees the need for good builders for many years to come.