Тексты на английском языке для студентов строительных специальностей
Тексты на английском языке для студентов строительных колледжей.
Text 1: Builder job description. What does a Builder do?
Builders oversee, coordinate and work on the construction or repair of homes and other buildings. In addition to undertaking some of the works personally, some Builders also manage the entire project. This may include arranging for subcontractors to complete specific jobs, and making sure that the project meets industry and government regulations as well as the clients’ requirements.
Builders usually work outdoors in industrial conditions as part of a construction team, and may be required to operate machinery. Due to the hazardous nature of construction work, Builders must comply with strict safety regulations, including and using wearing protective equipment and ensuring the site is safe for all personnel.
Text 2: As a Builder, you’ll be responsible for a range of manual, managerial and administrative responsibilities, which may include:
• Interpreting plans or organizing for plans to be drawn that meet building code regulations and client specifications.
• Providing quotes or submitting tenders for building works.
• Submitting plans to local authorities for approval.
• Arranging inspections of building work.
• Organizing contractors including carpenters, electricians, plumbers and painters to carry out building tasks.
• Undertaking some building work personally.
• Calculating quantities and costs and sourcing of building materials and labor.
• Supervising contractors or employees to ensure safety standards are maintained and works remain on schedule.
• Coordinating administrative tasks such as payment.
Text 3:Design Principles
To meet the cultural, social, and physical requirements of the residents, and to provide a safe dwelling to shelter them from the hazards that may impact from their
environment, a house must be properly designed. In order that the house provides for all the family needs, and keeps them and their loved ones and belongings safe, the following aspects of a house or a structure must be considered in the design:
A safe house must be based on a strong foundation and therefore this must be given primary attention. Problems with foundations not properly designed lead to unequal settlement, cracking of walls and floor, and structural weakness. To resist outside forces, a house needs a coherent and simple structure.
Text4: Building material is any material used for construction purpose such as materials for house building. Wood, cement, aggregates, metals, bricks, concrete, clay are the most common type of building material used in construction. The choices of these are based on their cost effectiveness for building projects.
Many naturally occurring substances, such as clay, sand, wood and rocks, even twigs and leaves have been used to construct buildings. Apart from naturally occurring materials, many man-made products are in use, some more and some less synthetic.
The manufacture of building materials is an established industry in many countries and the use of these materials is typically segmented into specific specialty trades, such as carpentry, plumbing, roofing and insulation work. This reference deals with habitats and structures including homes.
Text 5:Example of bad and good location. This house is located on a river bed, close to running water, where it is very vulnerable to flooding. Not only the house, but also its contents are vulnerable to destruction due to heavy rains. Houses should not be built in such obviously vulnerable locations, or if they are, they should be designed to resist the hazards of their location.
Liquefaction. Example of a well built and well-structured house that was not quite finished when a major hazard struck. The house was structurally good but the foundations were poor for this location. Due to a major earthquake the foundations suffered from liquefaction of the ground, and due to the weight of the house, it subsided unevenly into the ground.
This regularly structured building is able to withstand the impact of hazards. Notice the structure of columns and floors which are all joined to each other in a regular format. Overhanging parts of the building are all well supported by continuous columns to the foundations.
Text 6:What is Eco-friendly material?
Dictionary: describes a product that has been designed to do the least possible damage to the environment. US EPA – EPP program defines as: “products or services that have a lesser or reduced effect on human health and the environment when compared with competing products or services that serve the same purpose”. Thus we talk of two issues – one that it does the least possible environmental damage and two that it is a comparative scale as there are very few materials that are completely eco-friendly. One more point to note when we talk of eco-friendly construction is that it consist of two parts – Material and Technique.
Text 1: Bridge
Министерство образования Республики Беларусь
БЕЛОРУССКИЙ НАЦИОНАЛЬНЫЙ ТЕХНИЧЕСКИЙ
УНИВЕРСИТЕТ
Кафедра «Английский язык №2»
МОСТЫ. ТОННЕЛИ
пособие по английскому языку
кандидат филологических наук, заведующая кафедры иностранных языков БНТУ, доцент Васильева Т.И.;
кандидат филологических наук, доцент кафедры английского языка № 2 БНТУ Колосова Т.В.
Настоящее учебное пособие является частью учебно-методического комплекса по английскому языку. Основу пособия составляют 8 разделов, построенных по единому принципу. Особое внимание отводится изучению специальной терминологии и развитию умений составления реферата.
Основная цель пособия—развить навыки устной и письменной речи по специальности.
Данное учебное пособие предназначено для студентов второго курса БНТУ по специальности «Строительство мостов и тоннелей», а также для всех, кто стремится совершенствовать навыки общения на английском языке.
Unit 1: THE HISTORY OF BRIDGE BUILDING
Lead-in
1. What is a bridge? How can you describe it?
2. What obstacles are usual to cross?
3. How long can bridges be?
Find the following terms and memorize their meaning.
| bridge cross obstacle highway waterways range resist roadway span abutments pier single-span bridges multi-span bridges pontoon bridge performance efficiency logs | cantilever suspension drawbridge expand truss reinforced concrete slab cofferdam design clapper bridge rock foundations tension pointed arch thrust obstructions rib load |
Text 1: Bridge
Bridgeis a structure used by people and vehicles to cross areas that are obstacles to travel. Engineers build bridges over lakes, rivers, canyons, and busy highways and railroad tracks. Without bridges, people would need boats to cross waterways and would have to travel around such obstacles as canyons and ravines.
Bridges range in length from a few feet or meters to several miles or kilometers. A bridge must be strong enough to support its own weight as well as the weight of the people and vehicles that use it. It also must resist natural occurrences, including earthquakes, strong winds, and changes in temperature. Most modern bridges have a concrete, steel, or wood framework and an asphalt or concrete roadway. The roadway is the part of a bridge on which people and vehicles travel.
Most bridges are held up by at least two supports set in the ground. The distance between two adjacent supports is called a span of a bridge. The supports at each end of the bridge are called abutments, and the supports that stand between the abutments are called piers. The total length of the bridge is the distance between the abutments. Most short bridges are supported only by abutments and are known as single-span bridges. Bridges that have one or more piers in addition to the abutments are called multi-span bridges. Most long bridges are multi-span bridges. The main span is the longest span of a multi-span bridge.
The prototypical bridge is quite simple—two supports holding up a beam—yet the engineering problems that must be overcome even in this simple form are inherent in every bridge: the supports must be strong enough to hold the structure up, and the span between supports must be strong enough to carry the loads. Spans are generally made as short as possible; long spans are justified where good foundations are limited—for example, over estuaries with deep water. A pontoon bridge has no piers or abutments. It is supported by pontoons (flat-bottomed boats) or other portable floats.
Some special types of bridges are defined according to their function. An overpass allows one transportation route, such as a highway or railroad line, to cross over another without traffic interference between the two routes. The overpass elevates one route to provide clearance to traffic on the lower level. An aqueduct transports water. Aqueducts have historically been used to supply drinking water to densely populated areas. A viaduct carries a railroad or highway over a land obstruction, such as a valley.
All major bridges are built with the public’s money. Therefore, bridge design that best serves the public interest has a threefold goal: to be as efficient, as economical, and as elegant as is safely possible. Efficiency is a scientific principle that puts a value on reducing materials while increasing performance. Economy is a social principle that puts value on reducing the costs of construction and maintenance while retaining efficiency. Finally, elegance is a symbolic or visual principle that puts value on the personal expression of the designer without compromising performance or economy. There is little disagreement over what constitutes efficiency and economy, but the definition of elegance has always been controversial.
Modern designers have written about elegance or aesthetics since the early 19th century, beginning with the Scottish engineer Thomas Telford. Bridges ultimately belong to the general public, which is the final arbiter of this issue, but in general there are three positions taken by professionals.
The first principle holds that the structure of a bridge is the province of the engineer and that beauty is achieved only by architecture.
The second idea insists that bridges making the most efficient possible use of materials are by definition beautiful.
The third case holds that architecture is not needed but that engineers must think about how to make the structure beautiful. This last principle recognizes the fact that engineers have many possible choices of roughly equal efficiency and economy and can therefore express their own aesthetic ideas without adding significantly to materials or cost.
Problems of Russian roads — Проблемы российских дорог
As you know, Russia has two misfortunes: fools and roads. And how sad, many ordinary people joke, especially bad, if fools make these same roads. It is known that due to the poor quality of both pavements and roads in general, in Russia, more than fifteen percent of accidents occur from the total number of accidents.
The problem of Russian roads cannot be described in two words, with some irony it can be said that this topic deserves a special and, unfortunately, long description. There are many factors for which roads in the Russian Federation are considered to be of poor quality. The main factor — this is poor-quality raw materials that are used in the construction of roads. The point here is not at all that road services do not want to use quality materials, but rather that there is simply not enough budget money to buy good road surface elements. To date, the budget pledged for the construction and maintenance of roads, many, if not all regions of the Federation, is almost meager. At best, it is only enough to maintain the existing road surfaces in a satisfactory condition. On the construction of new, especially high-quality roads, it is better not to think. That is, the first problem of roads in the Russian Federation is associated with insufficient state funding.
In the meantime, even the roads that are already on the balance of the subjects come into disrepair. And due to the fact that poor quality raw materials were also used in their construction, these roads are practically not subject to adequate restoration.
At present much attention of the Russian public, as well as special services, which should deal with the problem of roads, is aimed at preventive measures to improve safety in the conditions of the almost complete absence of good road surfaces.
But in the opinion of many motorists, as well as specialists, it is necessary to deal with drastic measures and make crucial decisions to remedy the situation with Russian roads. At the same time, it is not a secret to anyone that it will be possible to believe in the relative safety of Russian roads only when the road network is built and developed in our country. Of course, without the intervention of state structures and without a good subsidy level, the solution of such problems is simply impossible.