Тексты на английском языке для студентов строительных специальностей
Тексты на английском языке для студентов строительных колледжей.
Text 1: Builder job description. What does a Builder do?
Builders oversee, coordinate and work on the construction or repair of homes and other buildings. In addition to undertaking some of the works personally, some Builders also manage the entire project. This may include arranging for subcontractors to complete specific jobs, and making sure that the project meets industry and government regulations as well as the clients’ requirements.
Builders usually work outdoors in industrial conditions as part of a construction team, and may be required to operate machinery. Due to the hazardous nature of construction work, Builders must comply with strict safety regulations, including and using wearing protective equipment and ensuring the site is safe for all personnel.
Text 2: As a Builder, you’ll be responsible for a range of manual, managerial and administrative responsibilities, which may include:
• Interpreting plans or organizing for plans to be drawn that meet building code regulations and client specifications.
• Providing quotes or submitting tenders for building works.
• Submitting plans to local authorities for approval.
• Arranging inspections of building work.
• Organizing contractors including carpenters, electricians, plumbers and painters to carry out building tasks.
• Undertaking some building work personally.
• Calculating quantities and costs and sourcing of building materials and labor.
• Supervising contractors or employees to ensure safety standards are maintained and works remain on schedule.
• Coordinating administrative tasks such as payment.
Text 3:Design Principles
To meet the cultural, social, and physical requirements of the residents, and to provide a safe dwelling to shelter them from the hazards that may impact from their
environment, a house must be properly designed. In order that the house provides for all the family needs, and keeps them and their loved ones and belongings safe, the following aspects of a house or a structure must be considered in the design:
A safe house must be based on a strong foundation and therefore this must be given primary attention. Problems with foundations not properly designed lead to unequal settlement, cracking of walls and floor, and structural weakness. To resist outside forces, a house needs a coherent and simple structure.
Text4: Building material is any material used for construction purpose such as materials for house building. Wood, cement, aggregates, metals, bricks, concrete, clay are the most common type of building material used in construction. The choices of these are based on their cost effectiveness for building projects.
Many naturally occurring substances, such as clay, sand, wood and rocks, even twigs and leaves have been used to construct buildings. Apart from naturally occurring materials, many man-made products are in use, some more and some less synthetic.
The manufacture of building materials is an established industry in many countries and the use of these materials is typically segmented into specific specialty trades, such as carpentry, plumbing, roofing and insulation work. This reference deals with habitats and structures including homes.
Text 5:Example of bad and good location. This house is located on a river bed, close to running water, where it is very vulnerable to flooding. Not only the house, but also its contents are vulnerable to destruction due to heavy rains. Houses should not be built in such obviously vulnerable locations, or if they are, they should be designed to resist the hazards of their location.
Liquefaction. Example of a well built and well-structured house that was not quite finished when a major hazard struck. The house was structurally good but the foundations were poor for this location. Due to a major earthquake the foundations suffered from liquefaction of the ground, and due to the weight of the house, it subsided unevenly into the ground.
This regularly structured building is able to withstand the impact of hazards. Notice the structure of columns and floors which are all joined to each other in a regular format. Overhanging parts of the building are all well supported by continuous columns to the foundations.
Text 6:What is Eco-friendly material?
Dictionary: describes a product that has been designed to do the least possible damage to the environment. US EPA – EPP program defines as: “products or services that have a lesser or reduced effect on human health and the environment when compared with competing products or services that serve the same purpose”. Thus we talk of two issues – one that it does the least possible environmental damage and two that it is a comparative scale as there are very few materials that are completely eco-friendly. One more point to note when we talk of eco-friendly construction is that it consist of two parts – Material and Technique.
Construction — Строительство
Construction is one of the oldest human occupations. The ancient people, if there were no caves, they had to build themselves small huts to wait out the cold night, shelter from insects or predators. Later, people began to show a creative approach to construction. So in ancient Egypt, people without technology, thanks to only one labor, huge costs, knowledge and skills of Egyptian architects and builders were able to build huge structures that have survived to this day. The skill of builders can also confirm that sometimes they have to work without insurance. Remember at least a photo from the construction of Rockefeller Center in Manhattan, when workers at a giant height quietly enjoy a lunch break. And it’s not that it’s a staged photo or not, and that it was typical of the time, insurance that the builders there.
The profession of the Builder is very ancient. People began to build their first homes in the primitive time when he decided to get out of the caves. In antiquity, the construction was engaged in a multi-million army of slaves. Later these works were performed by employees. But always appreciated the master of his craft. It was their hands that created masterpieces of world architecture: palaces, temples, pyramids and just houses. To this day, many buildings have survived, the age of which is measured by millennia.
As for the profession itself, choosing it, you need to keep in mind that it is difficult and requires constant dedication combined with painstaking daily work. This is difficult in the snow, in wind, in heat, no retreat, no surrender positions. But it is difficult to imagine today the modern life of the city and the village without masons, installers, finishers, carpenters, welders. Therefore, I believe that the profession of Builder opens a list of the most necessary professions today. At the same time, the construction profession is the most peaceful, because it is the builders who give people shelter, a sense of comfort and security of their own home.
Now the profession of the Builder is not only one of the most popular and demanded, but also one of the highest paid working professions. After all, a new modern society is built not only in the figurative sense of the word, but literally. And construction, in turn, activates many other industries and the economy, supplying construction sites with various materials, transport, construction equipment and many others.
Build-does do not mean only to build any structure. It also means creating, create and create, because the construction of a truly beautiful building requires not only certain knowledge and experience but also talent. Therefore, the profession of Builder at all times was surrounded by universal honor and respect. In addition, the work of the Builder is always in front of everyone and skillfully performing it, a person brings joy and aesthetic pleasure to others. Creation is inherent in human nature, which can be proved by the fact that from the first days of its existence, man is engaged in construction. For a person who has chosen the profession of a Builder, however, as for any other profession, the defining qualities are decency, responsibility, diligence and, of course, love for their work.
Thus, construction ensures the development of production and guarantees employment. All this gives a real visibility of changes for the better and guarantees the need for good builders for many years to come.
Английский язык для строителей
Основной целью данного методического пособия является подготовка студентов к чтению и пониманию аутентичных текстов по специальности. Тематика текстов охватывает основные строительные понятия, историю предмета и развития строительного дела, современные строительные технологии.
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3.Lesson2.”From the history of building”………………………..8.
5. Список использованной литературы………………………. 19.
Данное методическое пособие предназначено для студентов строительных специальностей и составлено в соответствии с требованиями учебной программы.
Основной целью данного методического пособия является подготовка студентов к чтению и пониманию аутентичных текстов по специальности. Тематика текстов охватывает основные строительные понятия, историю предмета и развития строительного дела, современные строительные технологии.
Учебное пособие состоит из двух частей: практической и теоретической, дополнительных текстов с заданиями, англо-русского и русско-английского словаря.
Каждый урок имеет определенную структуру: лексическая часть включает основной текст, словарь и комментарий для активного усвоения лексики урока, а также лексические и послетекстовые упражнения различного типа. Кроме того, урок содержит комплекс грамматических упражнений, направленных на введение и закрепление нового и повторение пройденного грамматического материала. К каждому уроку даются дополнительные тексты, тематически связанные с основным. Это дает возможность расширить лексический запас и кругозор студентов по каждой теме.
Учебное пособие также включает задания, ориентированные на формирование навыков монологической речи.
Англо-русский и русско-английский словари содержат терминологию по строительной специальности, необходимую для понимания аутентичных текстов.
The term «engineering» is a modern one. The New Marriam-
Webster Dictionary gives the explanation of the word «engineering»
as the practical application of scientific and mathematical principles.
Nowadays the term «engineering» means, as a rule, the art of
designing, constructing, or using engines. But this word is now applied
*in a more extended sense.1 It is applied also to the art of
executing such works as the objects of civil and military architecture,
in which engines or other mechanical appliances are used. Engineering
is divided into many branches. The most important of them
are: civil, mechanical, electrical, nuclear, mining, military, marine,
and sanitary engineering.
While the definition «civil engineering » dates back only two centuries,
the profession of civil engineer is as old as civilized life. It
started developing with the rise of ancient Rome. In order to understand
clearly what civil engineering constitutes nowadays, let us
consider briefly the development of different branches of engineering.
Some form of building and utilization of the materials and forces
of nature have always been necessary for the people from the
prehistoric times. The people had to protect themselves against the
elements and sustain themselves in the conflict with nature.
First the word «civil engineering» was used to distinguish the
work of the engineer with a non-military purpose from that of a military
engineer. And up to about the middle of the 18th century there
were two main branches of engineering — civil and military. T h e
former included all those branches of the constructive.art not directly
connected with military operations and the constructions of fortifications,
while the latter2, military engineering, concerned itself with the applications of science and the utilization of building materials
But as time went on, the art of civil engineering was enriched with
new achievements of science. With the beginning of the Industrial
Revolution and later ther,e came a remarkable series of mechanical
inventions, great discoveries in electrical science and atomic energy.
It led to differentiation of mechanical, electrical, nuclear engineering,
It is a well-known fact that with the invention of the steam engine
and the growth of factories a number of civil engineers became interested
in the practical application of the science of mechanics and
thermodynamics to the design of machines. They separated themselves
from civil engineering, and were called «mechanical engineers».
With the development of the science of electricity, there appeared
another branch of the engineering — electrical engineering. It is
devided now into two main branches: communications engineering
and power engineering.
In the middle of the 20lh century there appeared some other new
branches of engineering — nuclear engineering and space engineering.
The former is based on atomic physics, the latter — on the
achievements of modern science and engineering.
At present there are hundreds of subdivisions of engineering, but
they all, at one time or another, branched off from civil engineering.
The term «civil engineering» has two distinct meanings. In the
widest and oldest sense it includes all non-military branches of engineering
as it did two centuries ago. But in its narrower, and at the
present day more correct sense, civil engineering includes mechanical
engineering, electrical engineering, metallurgical, and mining
*Here are some fields of civil engineering3:
1. Housing, industrial, and agricultural construction.
2. Structural engineering comprises the construction of all fixed
structures with their foundations.
3. The construction of highways and city streets and pavements.
4. The construction of railroads.
5. The construction of harbours and canals.
6. Hydraulic engineering which includes the construction of dams
The above enumeration will make clear the vast extent of the
field of civil engineering.
appliance [a’plaians] —n приспособление, прибор
apply[9’plai] —v обращаться (for —за помощью, справкой
branch [bra:ntj] — п ветвь; филиал; отрасль
concern [k9n’s3:n] (with)—v» касаться, относиться; интересовать
conflict with nature [‘neitja] — противоречить природе,
бороться с природой
deal (with) —v иметь дело с чём-л., кем-л.
divide (into) — v делить, разделять
distinguish (from)—v отличать
execute [ig’zekju:t] — v выполнять
harbour [‘ha:ba] — n гавань
protect oneself against — защищаться от чего-л.
sustain [sas’tein]—v поддерживать; выдерживать
3. Word construction (Different ways to construct words)
Translate the words keeping in mind their suffixes and
military — non-military — militarisation; enumerate — enumeration;
decide — decision—decision-maker; invent — inventor—invention;
apply — appliance — application; explain — explanatory —
build — builder — building —rebuilt; achieve — achievement;
construct — constructor—construction — constructive—reconstruct
1. What does the word «engineering» mean?
2. Is engineering a science?
3. Into what branches is Civil engineering divided?
4. How old is the profession of a civil engineer?
5. What distinct meanings has the term «civil engineering»?
6. What fields of Civil engineering do you know?
7. What are the most important branches of Civil engineering?
8. What invention laid the foundation for mechanical engineers?
9. When was electrical engineering developed?
10. What are the main subdivisions of the electrical engineering?
1. The ancient Greeks put a high premium on building skills.
2. The Babylonians of 1800 B.C. hammered out their messages
3. He will graduate from the university in five years.
4. Construction business also has lots of competition.
5.1 hope she will be back from her trip to Europe next week.
6. The Brooklyn Bridge was remarkable not only for the first
use of the pneumatic caisson but also the introduction of steel
7. Architecturally, Venice is very beautiful.
8. I’ll take care of this matter personally.
9. Are you going to work as a civil engineer in five years?
10. Many centuries ago man learned to shape clay into blocks.
11. The Twelve Apostles are high rocks in the sea area of Australia.
12. A lot of various modern materials are widely used in civil
1. Студенты вашей группы посещают все лекции?
2. Я знаю много английских слов.
3. Мы пойдем на дискотеку вечером?
4. Аня много помогает мне с переводом английских текстов.
5. Вы купили этот учебник вчера или позавчера?
5. Лекция продлится два академических часа.
6. Студенты обычно повторяют новые слова перед уроком.
7. Мой друг поступил в политехнический институт в
8. Два года назад мы и не слышали об этом
9. Никогда не видела, чтобы он что-нибудь читал.
10. Я буду очень рада, если вы придете.
11. Занятия в университете всегда начинаются ровно в 8.30 утра.
CUMULATIVE REVIEW EXERCISES
(Grammar appendix p.p. 200-212)
Directions: Some of the sentences in this exercise are correct.
Some are incorrect. First, find the correct sentences and mark
them with a check (v). Then find the incorrect sentences, and
Nouns. Revise all the material concerning nouns.
1. The life comes from and depends on the nature.
2. The students at the university are also assigned homeworks.
3. Dam is a wall constructed across a valley to enclose an area
in which water is stored.
4. The light travels in a straight line.
5.1 prefer having my coffee with the milk.
6. The peace in the world is the goal of all nations.
7. They were accustomed to speak the English at home at that
8. The happiness is an abstract notion.
9. Staring at a computer screen for long periods of times can
cause severe eyestrain.
10. The water boils at 212 degrees Fahrenheit and freezes at 32
11. The mathematics were her favourite subject at school.
12. She is the good economist.
13. She is such the clever girl.
14. A director wants to see you.
15. The Washington is the capital of the USA.
Pronouns. Revise all the material concerning pronouns.
1. His dances well to who fortune pipes.
2. The bus leaves their at the corner.
3. Didn’t you know that it was us who played the joke?
4. They completely rely on you helping.
5.1 never saw she in such a terrible state.
6. If his has any possibility to help you, he will do it.
7. After Betty graduated from Business school, her opened a
8. We know that Leif Erickson and his Norwegian companions
were the first white men to land on the North American coast in
9. It was she, Elizabeth I, not her father, King Henry, whose led
England into the age of Empire.
(after Ernestine Schumann-Heink)
A roof to keep out the rain? Four walls to keep out the wind?
Floors to keep out the cold?
Yes, but home is more than that. It’s the laugh of a baby, the song
of a mother, the strength of a father. Warmth of living hearts, light
from happy eyes, kindness, loyalty, comradeship.
Home is first school and first church for young ones, where they
learn what is right, what is good and what is kind. Where they go for
comfort when they are hurt or sick.
Where joy is shared and sorrow eased. Where fathers and mothers
are respected and loved. Where children are wanted. Where the
simplest food is good enough for kings because it is earned. Where
money is not so important as loving kindness. Where even the teakettle
sings from happiness.
That is home. Sweet home.
2. Tell the group what is a home for YOU?
PRO VERBS AND SA YINGS TO THE TOPIC
3. Read, translate and memorise the following:
East or West—home is best.
There is no other place like home.
4. Read and try to retell the anecdotes changing Direct
Speech into Indirect, (see Grammar Appendix p.p. 226-229)
Once a schoolgirl was at a dinner party. She was next to a very
famous astronomer at the table and she decided to talk to him.
«What do you do in life?» she asked.
«I study astronomy», he answered.
«Dear me!» exclaimed the young lady, «I finished astronomy
A rich American banker asked a well-known painter to do a little
thing for his album. The painter did it and asked a hundred dollars.
«Why», cried the banker, «it took you only five minutes to do it».
«Yes», answered the painter, «but it took me thirty years to learn
how to do it in five minutes».
From the History of Building
Many thousands of years ago there were no houses such as people
live in today. In hot countries people sometimes made their homes
in the trees and used leaves to protect themselves from rain or sun. In
colder countries they dwelt in caves. Later people left their caves and
trees and began to build houses out of different materials such as
mud, wood or stones.
Later people found otit that bricks made of mud and dried in the
hot sunshine became almost as hard as stones. In ancient Egypt especially,
people learned to use these sun-dried mud bricks. Some of
their buildings are still standing after several thousands of years.
The aacient Egyptians discovered how to cut stone for building
purposes. They erected temples, palaces and huge tombs. The greatest
tomb is the stone *pyramid of Khufu1, king of Egypt. The ancient
Egyptians often erected their huge constructions to conmemorate
their kings or pharaohs.
The ancient Greeks also understood the art of building with cut
stone, and their buildings were beautiful as well as useful. They
often used pillars, partly for supporting the roofs and partly for decoration.
Parts of these ancient buildings can still be seen today in
Whereas the ancient Greeks tried to embody the idea of harmony
and pure beauty in their buildings, the Roman architecture produces
the impression of greatness, might, and practicalness.
The Romans were great bridge, harbour and road builders. In
road works the Romans widely used timber piles. They also erected
aqueducts, reservoirs, water tanks, etc. Some of their constructions
аre used till now. It is known that the manufacture of lime is one of
t boldest industries used by man. Lime is a basic building material
vJSed all over the world as today so in the ancient world. One of the
J^cmans, Marcus Porcius Cato, gave an idea of a kiln for lime, production:
it’s shape and dimensions. They are rough cylindrical or
r ectangular structures, built of stone in a hillside with an arched
caning at the front to enable the fire to be made and the lime to be
v^ithdrawn. Such kilns were fired with wood or coal and were extremely
inefficient. There are still many remains of kilns in some
•p laces of Great Britain as well as roads and the famous Hadrian
\^all, which was erected to protect the Romans from the celtic tribes
irlthe first century A.D. Britain was a province of the Roman Empire
f£>raboat four centuries. There are many things today in Britain to
remind the people of the Romans: towns, roads, wells and the words.
By the way, Hadrian, the Roman emperor, was also the one who
suggested the absolutely new for that time idea of building the Pantheon
with a dome. He constructed it, and alongside with a number
of other outstanding buildings such as the Colosseum and the Baths
of Caracalla, it is still there in Rome. Many ancient buildings in
K-Ome were designed by Hadrian as well as by other Roman emperoA
In a period of 800 to 900 years the Romans developed concrete
to the position of the main structural material in the empire.
It is surprising, therefore, that after the fall of the Empire, much of
tfre great knowledge should have disappeared so completely. The knowledge
of how to make durable concrete has been lost for centuries, *but
rr»ention was made of it in the writings of architects from time to time2.
Fusion of Roman and North European traditions in construction
was reflected in many ways. Buildings combined the Roman arch and
the steep peaked roof of Nothern Europe. Roman traditions were continued
in the architectural form known as Romanesque. London
Bridge, finished in 1209, took thirty-three years to build. It consisted
of nineteen irregular pointed arches with its piers resting on broad
foundation, which was designed *to withstand the Thames current3.
The Romanian period was followed by other periods each of
which produced its own type of architecture and building materials.
During the last hundred years many new methods of building have
been discovered. One of the most recent discoveries is the usefulness
of steel as a building material.
Nowadays when it is necessary to have a very tall building, the
frame of it is first built in steel and then the building is completed in
concrete. Concrete is an artificial kind of stone, much cheaper than
brick or natural stone and much stronger than they areiThe earliest
findings of concrete building fragments belonging to prehistoric times
were discovered in Mexico and Peru. The Egyptians in the construction
of bridges, roads and town walls employed it. There are evidences
that ancient Greeks also used concrete in the building purposes.
The use of concrete by the ancient Romans can be traced back
as far as 500 B.C. *They were the first to use4 it throughout the
ancient Roman Empire *on a pretty large scale5 and many constructions
made of concrete remain till nowadays thus proving the long
life of buildings made of concrete. Of course, it was not the concrete
people use today. It consisted of mud, clay and pure lime, which
were used to hold together the roughly broken stone in foundations
and walls. It was the so-called «pseudo concrete». The idea of such
building material might have been borrowed from the ancient Greeks
as some samples of it were found in the ruins of Pompeii.
2. A few explanations to the text
противостоять течению Темзы.
from time to time — но время от времени можно встретить
упоминание об этом в работах архитекторов.
4. They were the first to use. — они первыми использовали
5 on a pretty large scale— в довольно широких
art of building — искусство строить
brick [brik] — n кирпич
borrow [‘borou] — v (from) занимать, заимствовать
concrete [‘konkrit] — n бетон,
words given above in ex.5. Start compiling your own
vocabulary of international words.
ex. business [‘biznis]
1) бизнес, торговля, коммерческая деятельность
2) коммерческое, торговое предприятие, фирма
4) дело, занятие, профессия
5. Explain in English the meaning of the following words:
sun-dried mud bricks
the ruins of Pompeii
harmony and pure beauty
6. Find in the text equivalent English phrases to the following
бесполезность использования стали
в качестве строительного материала
грубо обтесанный камень
они первыми использовали
в довольно широких масштабах
10.1. Read and translate the sentences
1. The more you study during the semester, the less you have to
study before exams.
2. The faster we finish our test, the sooner we can leave the
3. The louder you shout, the less you convince anyone.
4. The most you practice speaking, the better you will do it.
5. The less you speak, the more you hear.
6. Lime is a basic building material used all over the world as
today so in the ancient world.
7. The buildings were beautiful as well as useful.
8. The people began to build houses of different materials such
as mud, wood, or stone.
9. After that procedure bricks became almost as hard as stones.
10. Concrete is much stronger than brick or natural stone.
11. Put the questions to the underlined parts, of the sentences.
1. This student translates well, (who? how?)
2. His mother worked at a factory, (whose? where?)
3. She went to London yesterday, (where? when?)
4. He is the best student of our group because he works hard,
5. They will buy these books tomorrow, (what? when?)
6. I like to read newspapers, (what?)
7: We saw this film a week ago, (what? when?)
8. The teacher gave her two interestingmagazines. (whom? how
6. Students have to register before the end of the first week of
7. The clocks will all be set back an hour on the last Sunday in
October at 3. 00 a.m. to take advantage of Daylight Savings
—Which word is shorter if you put another syllable on the end?
— Oh, there’ s no answer to that question. You can’t make a
word shorter by putting a syllable on the end.
— Oh, yes, you can. It’s the word «short». If you put the syllable—
er on the end, it’s shorter.
2. Read and try to retell the anecdote changing Direct Speech into
A tramp is asking a farmer for work.
«You can gather eggs for me», says the farmer, «if you don’t
«Sir», answers the tramp with tears in his eyes», you can trust
me. For twenty years I was a manager of a bathhouse and I
1. Read and translate the text
The first houses were built for the purpose of protecting their
owners from the weather and, therefore, were very simple—a roof to
keep off the rain or snow, and walls to keep out the wind.
The building erected now can be divided into two broad classifications:
they are either for housing or for industrial purpose.
As far as the material is concerned, the building can be divided
into stone (or brick), wood and concrete types. The brick is an artifical
material made of clay then burnt to harden it. The natural stone
(rubble masonry) is used for footing and foundations for external
walls carrying the load. The buildings made of stone or brick are
durable, fire-proof and have poor heat conductivity.
The tiers or levels which divide a building into stages or stories
are called floors. These may be of timber but in stone buildings they
are made of ferro-concrete details in great and small sizes.
The coverings or upper parts of buildings constructed over to
keep out rain and wind and to preserve the interior from exposure to
the weather, are called roofs. These should tie the walls and give
strength and firmness to the construction.
Every building must be beautiful in appearance and proportional
in various parts. The interior should be planned to suit the requirements
of the occupants while the exterior must be simple without any
Any building should be provided with water, electricity, ventilation
and heating system.
Getting water into the house is called plumbing. The plumbers have also to get the water out after it has been used. The first part of
this problem is called water supply and the second one is called
drainage or Sewerage.
Almost everybody saw the construction of a building and *followed
its progress with interest1. First the excavation is dug for the
basement, then the foundation walls below ground level are constructed;
after this the framework is erected and clothed with various
finishing materials and protected by several coats of paint.
The part upon which the stability of the structure depends is the
framework. It is intended for safety carrying the loads imposed. The
floors, walls, roofs and other parts of the building must be carefully
designed and proportioned.
The architect or designer must decide, what the size of the walls,
the floors, the beams, the girders and the parts, which make up the
framework, will be and how they will be placed and arranged.
Here are the main parts of a building and their functions.
V Foundations serve to keep the walls and floors from contact with
the soil, to guard them against the action of frost, to prevent thefn from
sinking and setting which cause cracks in walls and uneven floors.
Floors divide the building into stories. They may be either of timber
or may be constructed of a fire-resisting material. Walls are built
to enclose areas and carry the weight of floors and roofs. The walls
may be solid or hollow. The materials used for the walls construction
can be brick, stone, concrete and other natural or artificial materials.
Roofs cover the building and protect it from exposure to the weather.
They tie the walls and give strength and firmness to the structure.
Turnkey construction is the type of assistance in building different
facilities. In this case the employer engages the contractor to
design, manufacture, test, deliver, install, complete and commission
a certain project and the contractor undertakes full responsibility
for the project construction and commissioning.
The contractor then undertakes endeavors to conduct a survey
and design work, as well as to work out *basic and detailed engi-
neering2 and supply equipment. As a rule, the contractor’s highly
qualified specialists are made responsible for doing part or full construction
works, carrying out installation, *start-up and adjustment
After the construction is completed the precommissioning starts,
that is testing, checking and meeting other requirements, which are
specified in the technical handbooks.
As soon as all works in respect of the precommissioning are completed
and the project is ready for the commissioning, the contractor
notifies the engineer (Project manager) with the message. The contractor
begins the commissioning immediately after the engineer does
the issue of the Completion Certificate.
The contractor carries out the guarantee test during the commissioning
to make sure that the project will reach the designed performance.
Operational acceptance of the project takes place when the guarantee
test has been successfully completed and the guarantees met.
As a rule the contractor supplies spare parts so that the project could
normally operate during the maintenance guarantee period.
Turnkey contracts are always long-term undertakings involving
several parties, among them foreign and local subcontractors. They
are usually won as a result of tenders where the bidders compete for
the contract on the terms most favourable for the customer. •
2. A few explanations to the text
2. basic and detailed engineering — выполнение проектной
3. starting up and adjustment operations—пуско-наладочные
3. Key vocabulary / expressions
basement [‘beizmant] —и фундамент, основание; подвал
beam [bi:m]— n балка, балансир
cause [ko:z]— n причина, сторона
commission—v пускать в эксплуатацию
contractor— п подрядчик
designed performance — проектная мощность
foundation [faun’deijn] — п основание, фундамент
framework [‘freimwa:k] — п конструкция, структура
girder [‘ ga :da]- п поясная балка, прогон
precornrnissioning works—предпусковые работы
spare parts—v запасные части
timber [‘timba] — п лесоматериал, строевой лес, балка
4. Learn to recognize the international words. Give Russian
equivalents to the following words without a dictionary
5. Test your own attention. Find English equivalents in the
различные отделочные материалы
защитить несколькими слоями краски
сертификат о завершении строительства.
строительство «под ключ»
местные и иностранные субподрядчики_
6. General understanding. Answer the guestions to the text
1. What purpose is the natural stone used for?
2. What are the buildings made of stone and brick?
3. Should the coverings tie the walls?
4. What must every building be?
5. What are the main parts of a building?
6. What are their functions?
7. What kind of facilities is constructed on a turnkey basis?
8. What are the responsibilities of the contractor?
9. Why is a turnkey contract a long-term undertaking?
10. How is a turnkey contract usually won?
11. What can the Completion Certificate tell us about?
12. What building professions have you come across in the text?
Translate the following words keeping in mind their prefixes
enclose, enable, encounter, enact, emplane, encamp, embank,
encase, enchant, encircle, embody, empoison,, encompass, encapsulate,
enclose, embed, empurple, enrich.
State to what part of speech the following words belong
according to their suffixes.
builder, appearance, possible, action, carefully, structure, com-‘
petitor, equipment, military, deployment, specific, customer,
hydraulic, competitive, remember, consistency, character, assistant,
electrical, clearly, energy, useful, building.
Translate the following words as nouns and as verbs.
change, design, mention, place, manufacture, state, engineer,
Match the verb to the correct preposition
7. Translate the sentences with MODAL VERBS or their
1. The walls may be solid or hollow.
2. The materials used for the walls construction can be brick,
stone, concrete and other natural or artificial materials.
3. Man had to protect himself against the elements and to sustain
himself in the conflict with nature.
4. Ruins of ancient buildings can be seen today in Greece.
5. After the war steel was short in Europe and many architects
had to use concrete in their structures.
6. The production of many building materials is to be increased.
7. The roof should tie the walls and give strength to the construction.
8. The floors, walls, roofs and other parts of the building must
be carefully designed and proportioned.
9. Conditioning air for human comfort may also be divided into
two main sections- winter and summer.
10. To avoid stuffiness, the air should be given a certain amount
11. Under winter conditions this must be sufficient to distribute
the heat uniformly throughout the rooms.
12. About 100,000 people had to take part in the construction of
8. Translate the sentences with the construction «there
1. There are two new hotels under construction in this part of the
2. There exist at present different varieties of bricks.
3. There was a big transition in concrete during the times of
4. There are many ancient buildings made of concrete remaining
in Rome till nowadays.
5. Many thousands of years ago there were no houses such as
people live in today.
6. There will be a need to make remodeling of the flat in a year.
7. There are evidences that ancient Greeks also used concrete in
the building purposes.
8. There will be offices and shops on both sides of the avenue
after its reconstruction.
9. There are parks, cycling and walking tracks, and lakes in
many parts of Canberra.
Joseph Turner was a great English painter. He had a dog. He
liked his dog very much.
One day he was playing with his dog. Suddenly the dog broke his
leg. Turner sent for a well-known doctor.
When the doctor came, Turner said, «Doctor, my dog has broken
his leg. I know that you are too good for this work but please do it. It
is so important to me».
The doctor was angry but he did not show it.
The next day the doctor asked Turner to come to his place. Turner
promised to come as he thought that the doctor wanted to see him
When Turner came to the doctor’s house, the doctor said, «Mr.
Turner, I’m so glad to see you. I’d like to ask you to paint my door.
I know that you are too good for this work but, please, do it. It is so
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