АНГЛИЙСКИЙ ЯЗЫК ДЛЯ СТРОИТЕЛЕЙ
1 Серия «Высшее профессиональное образование» О.Н. Мусихина, О.Г. Гисина, В.Л. Яськова АНГЛИЙСКИЙ ЯЗЫК ДЛЯ СТРОИТЕЛЕЙ ПРАКТИКУМ Учебное пособие для студентов высших учебных заведений подготовлено в соответствии с Государственным образовательным стандартом высшего профессионального образования Российской Федерации и программой учебного курса Ростов-на-Дону Феникс 2004
2 ББК 81.2 М91 Рецензенты: завкафедрой КубГТУ, доктор филологических наук, профессор, действительный член Ныо-Йорской Академии Наук С.Г.Воркачев; кандидат филологических наук, доцент кафедры Научно-технического перевода КубГТУ Е.А.Жук, кандидат филологических наук, профессор кафедры Иностранных языков Новороссийского политехнического института Е.В.Кинчина Мусихина О.Н., Гисина O.F., Яськова В.Л. М 91 Английский язык для строителей. Практикум / Серия «Высшее профессиональное образование». Ростов н/д: Феникс, с. Учебное пособие предназначено для студентов строительных специальностей технических вузов и всех желающих овладеть лексикой по следующим разделам: строительство, менеджмент и маркетинг в строительстве, устойчивое развитие региона и т.д. Учебное пособие включает также тексты научно-популярного характера и нацелено на развитие у студентов навыков чтения, понимания текстов и говорения на английском языке, как на темы строительства, так и в других областях человеческого общения. ISBN Х ББК 81.2 Мусихина О.Н., Гисина О.Г.-, ЯеьковаВ.Л., 2004 «Феникс», оформление, 2004 ПРЕДИСЛОВИЕ 3 жить как для аудиторной работы, так и для самостоятельного чтения. При составлении текстов и упражнений в учебном пособии уделено большое внимание повторяемости лексических и грамматических явлений и использован принцип постепенного нарастания трудностей, что позволяет лучше усваивать материал. Учебное пособие также включает задания, ориентированные на формирование навыков монологической речи. Выбор тематики продиктован требованиями вузовской программы. В «Фонетическом приложении» даются краткие правила чтения наиболее трудных для произношения букв и буквосочетаний английского языка в виде таблиц. В «Грамматическом приложении» более полно раскрыты те разделы английской грамматики, которые не изучаются в рамках школьной программы, тогда как грамматическим явлениям, изучаемым в школе, уделено меньше внимания. Англо-русский и русско-английский словари содержат терминологию по строительной специальности, а также лексику, встречающуюся в текстах учебного пособия. Каждое аудиторное занятие рассчитано на 2 часа, примерно столько же требуется на подготовку к нему дома и около одного часа на выполнение письменной работы. На прохождение каждого урока требуется 8-14 аудиторных часов (которые распределяются поровну на каждую часть). Всего основная часть учебного пособия рассчитана на 200 аудиторных часов. Остающееся в учебном плане время для работы по практике языка отводится на работу с текстами для домашнего чтения (2-А часа в месяц), по газетному материалу и на другие виды работ, выходящие за пределы данного учебника. Авторы выражают глубокую признательность Е. Гаджиевой, А. Назаровой, А. Никифоровой за их помощь в напечатании материалов пособия. Особая благодарность нашим рецензентам: завкафедрой КубГТУ, доктору филологических наук, профессору, действительному члену Нью-Йорской Академии Наук С.Г. Воркачеву; кандидату филологических наук, доценту кафедры Научно-технического перевода КубГТУ Е.А. Жук и кандидату филологических наук, профессору кафедры Иностранных языков Новороссийского политехнического института Е.В. Кинчиной. Lesson 1. CIVIL ENGINEERING /. Read and translate the text Civil Engineering The term «engineering» is a modern one. The New Marriam- Webster Dictionary gives the explanation of the word «engineering» as the practical application of scientific and mathematical principles. Nowadays the term «engineering» means, as a rule, the art of designing, constructing, or using engines. But this word is now applied *in a more extended sense. 1 It is applied also to the art of executing such works as the objects of civil and military architecture, in which engines or other mechanical appliances are used. Engineering is divided into many branches. The most important of them are: civil, mechanical, electrical, nuclear, mining, military, marine, and sanitary engineering. While the definition «civil engineering » dates back only two centuries, the profession of civil engineer is as old as civilized life. It started developing with the rise of ancient Rome. In order to understand clearly what civil engineering constitutes nowadays, let us consider briefly the development of different branches of engineering. Some form of building and utilization of the materials and forces of nature have always been necessary for the people from the prehistoric times. The people had to protect themselves against the elements and sustain themselves in the conflict with nature. First the word «civil engineering» was used to distinguish the work of the engineer with a non-military purpose from that of a military engineer. And up to about the middle of the 18 th century there were two main branches of engineering civil and military. The former included all those branches of the constructive.art not directly connected with military operations and the constructions of fortifications, while the latter 2, military engineering, concerned itself 5
4 with the applications of science and the utilization of building materials in the art of war. But as time went on, the art of civil engineering was enriched with new achievements of science. With the beginning of the Industrial Revolution and later ther,e came a remarkable series of mechanical inventions, great discoveries in electrical science and atomic energy. It led to differentiation of mechanical, electrical, nuclear engineering, etc. It is a well-known fact that with the invention of the steam engine and the growth of factories a number of civil engineers became interested in the practical application of the science of mechanics and thermodynamics to the design of machines. They separated themselves from civil engineering, and were called «mechanical engineers». With the development of the science of electricity, there appeared another branch of the engineering electrical engineering. It is devided now into two main branches: communications engineering and power engineering. In the middle of the 20 lh century there appeared some other new branches of engineering nuclear engineering and space engineering. The former is based on atomic physics, the latter on the achievements of modern science and engineering. At present there are hundreds of subdivisions of engineering, but they all, at one time or another, branched off from civil engineering. The term «civil engineering» has two distinct meanings. In the widest and oldest sense it includes all non-military branches of engineering as it did two centuries ago. But in its narrower, and at the present day more correct sense, civil engineering includes mechanical engineering, electrical engineering, metallurgical, and mining engineering. *Here are some fields of civil engineering 3 : 1. Housing, industrial, and agricultural construction. 2. Structural engineering comprises the construction of all fixed structures with their foundations. 3. The construction of highways and city streets and pavements. 4. The construction of railroads. 5. The construction of harbours and canals. 6 LESSON 1. CML ENGINEERMG 6. Hydraulic engineering which includes the construction of dams and power plants. The above enumeration will make clear the vast extent of the field of civil engineering. 2. A few explanations to the text 1. in a more extended sense в более широком смысле 2. The former. while the latter. первый (имеется в виду из двух упомянутых). тогда как последний. (из двух упомянутых) 3. Here are some fields of civil engineering. Вот некоторые области строительства. 3. Key vocabulary / expressions appliance [a’plaians] n приспособление, прибор apply[9’plai] v обращаться (for за помощью, справкой и т.д. to ккому-л) branch [bra:ntj] п ветвь; филиал; отрасль concern [k9n’s3:n] (with) v» касаться, относиться; интересовать conflict with nature [‘neitja] противоречить природе, бороться с природой deal (with) v иметь дело с чём-л., кем-л. divide (into) v делить, разделять distinguish (from) v отличать execute [ig’zekju:t] v выполнять harbour [‘ha:ba] n гавань lead (to) v вести (к) protect oneself against защищаться от чего-л. sustain [sas’tein] v поддерживать; выдерживать 4. Phonetic drill. Mind the pronunciation of the following words with the italicized letters [u:] include, fluent, blue, revolution; rule, crude, virulent, ruble / but construct [kan’strakt], structure [‘straktjb] [u:] should, would, could, group, route, soup, rouble 7-
5 [о:] hydraulic, authority, automobile, Australia, August, launch/ but gauge [geid3], laugh [la:f], aunt[a:nt], mauve[mouv] 5. Word construction (Different ways to construct words) Translate the prefixes. words keeping in mind their suffixes and military non-military militarisation; enumerate enumeration; decide decision decision-maker; invent inventor invention; apply appliance application; explain explanatory explanation; build builder building rebuilt; achieve achievement; construct constructor construction constructive reconstruct 6. Learn to recognize international words. Give Russian equivalents to the following words without a dictionary start [sta:t] mechanism [‘mekgnizm] principle [prinsipl] architecture [aiki’tektfa] energy [‘ena:d3i] material [ma’ tiarial] form [fo:m] construction [kanst’rakjn] element [‘elimsnfj mechanics [mi’kaeniks] economics [i:k9’nomiks] mathematics [maegi’mastiks] thermodynamics [09:madai’naemiks] communication [kamjumi’keijn] utilization [ju:tili’zeijn] fortification [foitifi’ kerjn] application [spli’keijn] general [‘djensral] 7. General understanding. Answer the questions 1. What does the word «engineering» mean? 2. Is engineering a science? 3. Into what branches is Civil engineering divided? 4. How old is the profession of a civil engineer? 5. What distinct meanings has the term «civil engineering»? 6. What fields of Civil engineering do you know? LESSON 1. CIVIL ENGINEERING 7. What are the most important branches of Civil engineering? 8. What invention laid the foundation for mechanical engineers? 9. When was electrical engineering developed? 10. What are the main subdivisions of the electrical engineering? 8. Speaking Practice. Tell the group about yourself using the following words to introduce, to finish the school, to enter the university, a fresher, time table, to be going to do smth., to graduate from, hobby, to socialize, free time, to go to the discotheque, to go in for, to listen to the music/radio, to read a lot, etc. Let’s Revise the Grammar (see Grammar Appendix p.p ; ) 9. Make the plural form of the following words. Can you see where the trick is? branch, tooth, service, century, key, hero, ox, opportunity, engineer, ship, man, earning, county, roof, sheep, business, town, structure, deer, woman, leaf, tornado, mouse, still life, engine, warning, salary, profession, force, meaning, discovery. 10. Use the verbs in brackets in the required INDEFINITE TENSE 1. Our group (to go) to the discotheque tonight. 2. We (to get) books from the library next week. 3. We (not to go) to the park in the evening. 4. He (to show) us his report yesterday. 5. My friend (to speak) good English. 6. He (not to pronounce) the given word correctly. 7. This student (to translate) many English texts a year ago. 8. They (to know) this theoretical material pretty well. 8 9
6 9. Will you (to travel) to the Crimea or to the Caucasus? 10. It (to be) possible or impossible for you to get to the university in 5 minutes? 11. They (not to know) the words properly. 12. Our family (not to travel) to the Crimea last year. 11. Translate from English into Russian 1. The ancient Greeks put a high premium on building skills. 2. The Babylonians of 1800 B.C. hammered out their messages on stone tablets. 3. He will graduate from the university in five years. 4. Construction business also has lots of competition. 5.1 hope she will be back from her trip to Europe next week. 6. The Brooklyn Bridge was remarkable not only for the first use of the pneumatic caisson but also the introduction of steel wire. 7. Architecterally, Venice is very beautiful. 8. I’ll take care of this matter personally. 9. Are you going to work as a civil engineer in five years? 10. Many centuries ago man learned to shape clay into blocks. 11. The Twelve Apostles are high rocks in the sea area of Australia. 12. A lot of various modern materials are widely used in civil engineering now. 12. Translate from Russian into English 1. Студенты вашей группы посещают все лекции? 2. Я знаю много английских слов. 3. Мы пойдем на дискотеку вечером? 4. Аня много помогает мне с переводом английских текстов. 5. Вы купили этот учебник вчера или позавчера? 5. Лекция продлится два академических часа. 6. Студенты обычно повторяют новые слова перед уроком. 7. Мой друг поступил в политехнический институт в прошлом году. 8. Два года назад мы и не слышали об этом. LESSON 1. CIVIL ENGINEERING 9. Никогда не видела, чтобы он что-нибудь читал. 10. Я буду очень рада, если вы придете. 11. Занятия в университете всегда начинаются ровно в 8.30 утра. 13. Use the verbs in brackets in the required CONTINUOUS TENSE 1. The people (to arrive) to the conference from different countries. 2. What (to do) when I came in? 3. She (to come) to Moscow to see her friends. 4.1 (to work) at my manual now. 5. It (not to rain) when we went out for a walk. 6. What he (to do) at 10 p.m. last night? 7. In 1983 they (to live) in Siberia. 8. Today she (to pass an exam) in English, and the day after tomorrow she (to pass an exam) in History. 9.1 came in when they (to play) tennis on the tennis court. 10. What you (to do) at 11 a.m. tomorrow? 14. Translate from English into Russian paying attention to the italicized verbs used for expressing future actions 1. He is going to enter the postgraduate course next year. 2. She is leaving for the USA in a week. 3.- They are coming to the city tomorrow. 4. Nick is starting his new business this year. 5. It is the book I am looking for everywhere. 15. Translate from Russian into English 1. Чем вы занимались, когда мы пришли? 2. Шел сильный дождь, и мы не пошли на прогулку. 3. В 1990 году он работал на стройке. 4. В девять часов она не смотрела телевизор. 5. Я вчера встала рано утром. Был чудесный день. Ярко светило солнце и звонко пели птицы
7 6. Вы смотрели вчера вечером концерт? 7. Когда вы собираетесь продолжить свои исследования? 8. Они уезжают завтра в Москву. 9. Она начинает писать новую курсовую работу через неделю. 10. Я приду к вам сегодня вечером. CUMULATIVE REVIEW EXERCISES (Grammar appendix p.p ) Directions: Some of the sentences in this exercise are correct. Some are incorrect. First, find the correct sentences and mark them with a check (v). Then find the incorrect sentences, and correct them. Nouns. Revise all the material concerning nouns. 1. The life comes from and depends on the nature. 2. The students at the university are also assigned homeworks. 3. Dam is a wall constructed across a valley to enclose an area in which water is stored. 4. The light travels in a straight line. 5.1 prefer having my coffee with the milk. 6. The peace in the world is the goal of all nations. 7. They were accustomed to speak the English at home at that time. 8. The happiness is an abstract notion. 9. Staring at a computer screen for long periods of times can cause severe eyestrain. 10. The water boils at 212 degrees Fahrenheit and freezes at 32 degrees Fahrenheit. 11. The mathematics were her favourite subject at school. 12. She is the good economist. 13. She is such the clever girl. 14. A director wants to see you. 15. The Washington is the capital of the USA. 12 LESSON 1. CIVIL ENGINEERING Pronouns. Revise all the material concerning pronouns. 1. His dances well to who fortune pipes. 2. The bus leaves their at the corner. 3. Didn’t you know that it was us who played the joke? 4. They completely rely on you helping. 5.1 never saw she in such a terrible state. 6. If his has any possibility to help you, he will do it. 7. After Betty graduated from Business school, her opened a bookstore. 8. We know that Leif Erickson and his Norwegian companions were the first white men to land on the North American coast in 1000 A.D. 9. It was she, Elizabeth I, not her father, King Henry, whose led England into the age of Empire. 1. Read the text What is home? (after Ernestine Schumann-Heink) TIME FOR FUN A roof to keep out the rain? Four walls to keep out the wind? Floors to keep out the cold? Yes, but home is more than that. It’s the laugh of a baby, the song of a mother, the strength of a father. Warmth of living hearts, light from happy eyes, kindness, loyalty, comradeship. Home is first school and first church for young ones, where they learn what is right, what is good and what is kind. Where they go for comfort when they are hurt or sick. Where joy is shared and sorrow eased. Where fathers and mothers are respected and loved. Where children are wanted. Where the simplest food is good enough for kings because it is earned. Where money is not so important as loving kindness. Where even the teakettle sings from happiness. That is home. Sweet home. God bless it. 13
8 2. Tell the group what is a home for YOU? PRO VERBS AND SA YINGS TO THE TOPIC 3. Read, translate and memorise the following: East or West home is best. There is no other place like home. 4. Read and try to retell the anecdotes changing Direct Speech into Indirect, (see Grammar Appendix p.p ) I. Once a schoolgirl was at a dinner party. She was next to a very famous astronomer at the table and she decided to talk to him. «What do you do in life?» she asked. «I study astronomy», he answered. «Dear me!» exclaimed the young lady, «I finished astronomy last year». п.. A rich American banker asked a well-known painter to do a little thing for his album. The painter did it and asked a hundred dollars. «Why», cried the banker, «it took you only five minutes to do it». «Yes», answered the painter, «but it took me thirty years to learn how to do it in five minutes». Lesson 2. FROM THE HISTORY OF BUILDING /. Read and translate the text From the History of Building Many thousands of years ago there were no houses such as people live in today. In hot countries people sometimes made their homes in the trees and used leaves to protect themselves from rain or sun. In colder countries they dwelt in caves. Later people left their caves and trees and began to build houses out of different materials such as mud, wood or stones. Later people found otit that bricks made of mud and dried in the hot sunshine became almost as hard as stones. In ancient Egypt especially, people learned to use these sun-dried mud bricks. Some of their buildings are still standing after several thousands of years. The aacient Egyptians discovered how to cut stone for building purposes. They erected temples, palaces and huge tombs. The greatest tomb is the stone *pyramid of Khufu 1, king of Egypt. The ancient Egyptians often erected their huge constructions to conmemorate their kings or pharaohs. The ancient Greeks also understood the art of building with cut stone, and their buildings were beautiful as well as useful. They often used pillars, partly for supporting the roofs and partly for decoration. Parts of these ancient buildings can still be seen today in Greece. Whereas the ancient Greeks tried to embody the idea of harmony and pure beauty in their buildings, the Roman architecture produces the impression of greatness, might, and practicalness. The Romans were great bridge, harbour and road builders. In road works the Romans widely used timber piles. They also erected aqueducts, reservoirs, water tanks, etc. Some of their constructions 15
9 ^reused till now. It is known that the manufacture of lime is one of t boldest industries used by man. Lime is a basic building material vjsed all over the world as today so in the ancient world. One of the J^cmans, Marcus Porcius Cato, gave an idea of a kiln for lime, production: it’s shape and dimensions. They are rough cylindrical or r ectangular structures, built of stone in a hillside with an arched caning at the front to enable the fire to be made and the lime to be v^ithdrawn. Such kilns were fired with wood or coal and were extremely inefficient. There are still many remains of kilns in some places of Great Britain as well as roads and the famous Hadrian \^all, which was erected to protect the Romans from the celtic tribes irlthe first century A.D. Britain was a province of the Roman Empire f >raboat four centuries. There are many things today in Britain to remind the people of the Romans: towns, roads, wells and the words. By the way, Hadrian, the Roman emperor, was also the one who suggested the absolutely new for that time idea of building the Pantheon with a dome. He constructed it, and alongside with a number of other outstanding buildings such as the Colosseum and the Baths of Caracalla, it is still there in Rome. Many ancient buildings in K-Ome were designed by Hadrian as well as by other Roman emperoa In a period of 800 to 900 years the Romans developed concrete to the position of the main structural material in the empire. It is surprising, therefore, that after the fall of the Empire, much of tfre great knowledge should have disappeared so completely. The knowledge of how to make durable concrete has been lost for centuries, *but rr»ention was made of it in the writings of architects from time to time 2. Fusion of Roman and North European traditions in construction was reflected in many ways. Buildings combined the Roman arch and th e steep peaked roof of Nothern Europe. Roman traditions were continued in the architectural form known as Romanesque. London Bridge, finished in 1209, took thirty-three years to build. It consisted of nineteen irregular pointed arches with its piers resting on broad foundation, which was designed *to withstand the Thames current 3. The Romanian period was followed by other periods each of which produced its own type of architecture and building materials. D u ring the last hundred years many new methods of building have been discovered. One of the most recent discoveries is the usefulness of steel as a building material. 16 LESSON 2. FROM THE HISTORY OF BUILDING Nowadays when it is necessary to have a very tall building, the frame of it is first built in steel and then the building is completed in concrete. Concrete is an artificial kind of stone, much cheaper than brick or natural stone and much stronger than they areithe earliest findings of concrete building fragments belonging to prehistoric times were discovered in Mexico and Peru. The Egyptians in the construction of bridges, roads and town walls employed it. There are evidences that ancient Greeks also used concrete in the building purposes. The use of concrete by the ancient Romans can be traced back as far as 500 B.C. *They were the first to use 4 it throughout the ancient Roman Empire *on a pretty large scale 5 and many constructions made of concrete remain till nowadays thus proving the long life of buildings made of concrete. Of course, it was not the concrete people use today. It consisted of mud, clay and pure lime, which were used to hold together the roughly broken stone in foundations and walls. It was the so-called «pseudo concrete». The idea of such building material might have been borrowed from the ancient Greeks as some samples of it were found in the ruins of Pompeii. 2. A few explanations to the text 1. pyramid of Khufu [‘ku’fu:] пирамида Хуфу 2. to withstand the Thames current. чтобы противостоять течению Темзы but mention was made of it in the writings of architects from time to time но время от времени можно встретить упоминание об этом в работах архитекторов. 4. They were the first to use. они первыми использовали 5 on a pretty large scale в довольно широких масштабах 5. Key vocabulary /expressions art of building искусство строить brick [brik] n кирпич borrow [‘borou] v (from) занимать, заимствовать concrete [‘konkrit] n бетон, dome [doum] n купол 17
10 dwell [dwel] v жить, проживать embody [im’bodi] v олицетворять, воплощать erect fi’rekt] v возводить, строить find jfaind] v (out) обнаружить, найти kiln [kiln] n обжиговая печь, сушильная печь pile [pail] n свая, столб pillar fpils] n столб, колонна remains [ri’ meinz] л pi остатки, руины tribe [traib] n племя LESSON 2. FROM THE HISTORY OF BUILDING ings, bridges, roads, docks, harbours and embankments as well as to the water control by dams and reservoirs, canals and aqueducts, pipelines and the reclamation of land. By the way: What does the international word «reclamation» mean here? Explain it in the most detailed way in Russian. 6. Learn to recognize international words. Give Russian equivalents to the following words without a dictionary 4. Phonetic drill 4.1. Read the words paying attention to defferent pronounciation of letter combination ea [e] weather, measure, health, ahead, leather, instead [ei] great, break, steak, streak [i:] team, means, beam, cheap, easy, weak, leave [i э] theatre, realize, appearence, weary, dreary [i’ei] permeate, create, delineate harmony [Ъатаэш] tradition [tra’dijn] decoration [deka reijn] aqueduct [‘aekwidak] idea[ai ‘dis] tank [tasrjk] position [ps’zijn] reservoirf rezavwa:] manufacture [manju’fsektjs] fragment [‘fraegmant] method [ r me03d] period[‘pi3ri3d] strusture [‘straktja] arch [‘a:tj] Mind the pronunciation of the following words with the italicized silent letters tomb[tu:m], bomb[boum], lambpasm], limbflim], р1ить[р1лт] listenflisn], christen[‘kraisn], fasten[fa:sn], often[o:fn], soften[‘sofn] thistle[0isl], mistletoe [‘misltou], castle[ka:sl], apostlefa’posl] gnome[noum], gnujnu:], gnarled[na:ld], gnashfnaej], gnawerfno: з] Explain the pronounciation of letter combination wh in each line which, why, whelm, whammy who, whole, whom, whose 5. Translate the extract into Russian The term «civil engineering» is usually applied to such activities as the excavation and then the construction of different build Find the corresponding Russian meaning of the international words given above in ex.5. Start compiling your own vocabulary of international words. ex. business [‘biznis] 1) бизнес, торговля, коммерческая деятельность 2) коммерческое, торговое предприятие, фирма 3) (выгодная) сделка 4) дело, занятие, профессия 8. Explain in English the meaning of the following words: sun-dried mud bricks timber piles : pseudo concrete the ruins of Pompeii harmony and pure beauty 19
11 9. Find in the text equivalent English phrases to the following Russian доисторические времена. римский период бесполезность использования стали в качестве строительного материала грубо обтесанный камень они первыми использовали недавние открытия в довольно широких масштабах 10. Ноте reading. For further reading on the given topic we recommend Supplementary texts 1. How the Ancient Builders Put a Hand to the Development of Different Languages, p Ancient Wonders of the World, p.p Let’s Revise the Grammar (see Grammar Appendix p.p ; ) 11. Give the degrees of comparison of the following adjectives and adverbs narrow, high, large, big, thoroughly, little, natural, cheap, small, many, generally, good, bad, far, easy, interesting, correct, clear, healthy, responsible, necessary, competitive, old, beautifully, serious, much. 12. Comparison Read and translate the sentences LESSON 2. FROM THE HISTORY OF BUILDING 2. The faster we finish our test, the sooner we can leave the classroom. 3. The louder you shout, the less you convince anyone. 4. The most you practice speaking, the better you will do it. 5. The less you speak, the more you hear. 6. Lime is a basic building material used all over the world as today so in the ancient world. 7. The buildings were beautiful as well as useful. 8. The people began to build houses of different materials such as mud, wood, or stone. 9. After that procedure bricks became almost as hard as stones. 10. Concrete is much stronger than brick or natural stone Correct the following sentences 1. The pretty the girl is, more attention she attracts. 2. The harder the problem, the most time one needs to settle it. 3. Sooner come, the sooner served. 4. The more you read, the most you know. 5. The most one eats, the fatter he is Find and correct mistakes if any 1. New York is one of the large cities in the world. 2. Her qualifications are best than those of other candidates. 3.1 wish we could see each other most frequently. 4. London is more biggest than Bonn. 5.1 am the younger player in our team. 6. She is most tall student in the group. 7. Tennis is not as popular as football. 8. January is colder month in the year. 9. London is one of the more interesting cities I have ever seen. 10. He is the baddest student of the faculty. 11. It takes him most than ten minutes to get to the university. 12. Canberra is more than seventy years old. 1. The more you study during the semester, the less you have to study before exams
12 13. Put the questions to the underlined parts, of the sentences. 1. This student translates well, (who? how?) 2. His mother worked at a factory, (whose? where?) 3. She went to London yesterday, (where? when?) 4. He is the best student of our group because he works hard, (why?) 5. They will buy these books tomorrow, (what? when?) 6.1 like to read newspapers, (what?) 1: We saw this film a week ago, (what? when?) 8. The teacher gave her two interestingmagazines. (whom? how many? what?) 14. Answer the following ALTERNATIVE QUESTIONS. 1. Do you want to travel by bus or by train? 2. Is it possible or impossible to bathe in the sea in winter? 3. Does the widget work well or badly? 4. Does she play tennis or volley-ball? 5. Will he go to see his friend or ring him up? 6. Shall we dance or sing songs?. 7. Did he translate this or that article? 8. Did she go to the river or to the forest? 75. Tag questions Read and translate the questions 1. We have not to hurry, have we? 2. She had to leave, hadn’t she? 3.1 should not complain, should I? 4. Let’s talk about it, shall we? 5. She’ s taken the test already, hasn’tshe? 6. They’d go with us, wouldn’t they? 7. He’s writing his Business Plan, isn’t he? 8. We’d decided to open a joint account, hadn’t we? 9. He’d worked overtime, hadn’t he? 10. We have worked hard in the semester, han’ t we? (haven’t we?) Finish the questions LESSON 2. FROM THE HISTORY OF BUILDING 1. We have to sign this,? 2. Let’s go home,? 3. You can’t speak French,? 4. He ought.to go to Moscow,? 5. He will meet us at the airport,? 6. Students have to register before the end of the first week of class,? 7. The clocks will all be set back an hour on the last Sunday in October at a.m. to take advantage of Daylight Savings Time,? 16. Translate into English. 1. Эта книга не такая интересная, как ты думаешь. 2. Оксфорд один из самых известных университетов в мире. 3. Чем больше вы учите в течение семестра, тем меньше вам придется заниматься перед экзаменами. 4. Мы перевели тест быстрее всех в группе. 5. Нью-Йорк является самым крупным из американских городов. 6. Кит это крупнейшее из известных животных. 7. Эта строительная компания считается лучшей в своем деле. 17. How to correctly use Present Perfect, Present Perfect Continuous and Past Indefinite Tenses 1. How often have you been to London? 2.1 have read this book three times. 3. Joy has been in London since the middle of July. 4. They have been living in Leeds for several years. 5. How long have you been learning English? I have been learning English since last October. 6. Have you ever been to Belgrade? Yes, I’ve been there once. I went there in
13 л Английский язык для СТРОИТЕЛЕЙ 7. Have you ever traveled by air? Yes, I’ve often traveled by air. I flew round the world two years ago READ FOR FUN 1. Which word is shorter if you put another syllable on the end? Oh, there’ s no answer to that question. You can’t make a word shorter by putting a syllable on the end. Oh, yes, you can. It’s the word «short». If you put the syllable er on the end, it’s shorter. 2. Read and try to retell the anecdote changing Direct Speech into Indirect A tramp is asking a farmer for work. «You can gather eggs for me», says the farmer, «if you don’t steal any». «Sir», answers the tramp with tears in his eyes», you can trust me. For twenty years I was a manager of a bathhouse and I never took a bath». Lesson 3. CONSTRUCTION WORKS 1. Read and translate the text Construction Works I The first houses were built for the purpose of protecting their owners from the weather and, therefore, were very simple a roof to keep off the rain or snow, and walls to keep out the wind. The building erected now can be divided into two broad classifications: they are either for housing or for industrial purpose. As far as the material is concerned, the building can be divided into stone (or brick), wood and concrete types. The brick is an artifical material made of clay then burnt to harden it. The natural stone (rubble masonry) is used for footing and foundations for external walls carrying the load. The buildings made of stone or brick are durable, fire-proof and have poor heat conductivity. The tiers or levels which divide a building into stages or stories are called floors. These may be of timber but in stone buildings they are made of ferro-concrete details in great and small sizes. The coverings or upper parts of buildings constructed over to keep out rain and wind and to preserve the interior from exposure to the weather, are called roofs. These should tie the walls and give strength and firmness to the construction. Every building must be beautiful in appearance and proportional in various parts. The interior should be planned to suit the requirements of the occupants while the exterior must be simple without any excesses. Any building should be provided with water, electricity, ventilation and heating system. Getting water into the house is called plumbing. The plumbers 25
14 have also to get the water out after it has been used. The first part of this problem is called water supply and the second one is called drainage or Sewerage. Almost everybody saw the construction of a building and *followed its progress with interest 1. First the excavation is dug for the basement, then the foundation walls below ground level are constructed; after this the framework is erected and clothed with various finishing materials and protected by several coats of paint. The part upon which the stability of the structure depends is the framework. It is intended for safety carrying the loads imposed. The floors, walls, roofs and other parts of the building must be carefully designed and proportioned. The architect or designer must decide, what the size of the walls, the floors, the beams, the girders and the parts, which make up the framework, will be and how they will be placed and arranged. Here are the main parts of a building and their functions. V Foundations serve to keep the walls and floors from contact with the soil, to guard them against the action of frost, to prevent thefn from sinking and setding which cause cracks in walls and uneven floors. Floors divide the building into stories. They may be either of timber or may be constructed of a fire-resisting material. Walls are built to enclose areas and carry the weight of floors and roofs. The walls may be solid or hollow. The materials used for the walls construction can be brick, stone, concrete and other natural or artificial materials. Roofs cover the building and protect it from exposure to the weather. They tie the walls and give strength and firmness to the structure. Turnkey construction is the type of assistance in building different facilities. In this case the employer engages the contractor to design, manufacture, test, deliver, install, complete and commission a certain project and the contractor undertakes full responsibility for the project construction and commissioning. The contractor then undertakes endeavors to conduct a survey and design work, as well as to work out *basic and detailed engi- 26 П Ill LESSON 3. CONSTRUCTION WORKS neering 2 and supply equipment. As a rule, the contractor’s highly qualified specialists are made responsible for doing part or full construction works, carrying out installation, *start-up and adjustment operations 3. After the construction is completed the precommissioning starts, that is testing, checking and meeting other requirements, which are specified in the technical handbooks. As soon as all works in respect of the precommissioning are completed and the project is ready for the commissioning, the contractor notifies the engineer (Project manager) with the message. The contractor begins the commissioning immediately after the engineer does the issue of the Completion Certificate. The contractor carries out the guarantee test during the commissioning to make sure that the project will reach the designed performance. Operational acceptance of the project takes place when the guarantee test has been successfully completed and the guarantees met. As a rule the contractor supplies spare parts so that the project could normally operate during the maintenance guarantee period. Turnkey contracts are always long-term undertakings involving several parties, among them foreign and local subcontractors. They are usually won as a result of tenders where the bidders compete for the contract on the terms most favourable for the customer. 2. A few explanations to the text 1. followed its progress with interest. с интересом следил за его ростом 2. basic and detailed engineering выполнение проектной документации 3. starting up and adjustment operations пуско-наладочные работы 3. Key vocabulary / expressions basement [‘beizmant] и фундамент, основание; подвал beam [bi:m] n балка, балансир cause [ko:z] n причина, сторона 27
15 coat п покрытие,
шаслой (краски) commission v пускать в эксплуатацию contractor п подрядчик designed performance проектная мощность foundation [faun’deijn] п основание, фундамент framework [‘freimwa:k] п конструкция, структура girder [‘ ga :da]- п поясная балка, прогон precornrnissioning works предпусковые работы spare parts v запасные части timber [‘timba] п лесоматериал, строевой лес, балка 4. Learn to recognize the international words. Give Russian equivalents to the following words without a dictionary plan [plaen] occupant [‘okjupsnt] process [prousas] part [pa:t] bank [baenk] pneumatic [njut’maetik] guarentee [gaeran’ti:] ventilation [venti’leijn] canal [‘kaenal] factor [‘faekta] strategy [‘straetac^i] provision [ргэч^зэп] concept [‘ konsspt] position [pa’zijn] dranaige [‘draenicrj] control [ksn’trol] conductor [kan’dakta] commissiontks’mijn] 5. Test your own attention. Find English equivalents in the text огнеупорный материал бутовая кладка дополнительная нагрузка различные отделочные материалы защитить несколькими слоями краски нулевой цикл сертификат о завершении строительства. строительство «под ключ» проектно-изыскательские работы местные и иностранные субподрядчики_ 28 LESSON 3. CONSTRUCTION WORKS 6. General understanding. Answer the guestions to the text 1. What purpose is the natural stone used for? 2. What are the buildings made of stone and brick? 3. Should the coverings tie the walls? 4. What must every building be? 5. What are the main parts of a building? 6. What are their functions? 7. What kind of facilities is constructed on a turnkey basis? 8. What are the responsibilities of the contractor? 9. Why is a turnkey contract a long-term undertaking? 10. How is a turnkey contract usually won? 11. What can the Completion Certificate tell us about? 12. What building professions have you come across in the text? 7. HOME READING. For further reading on the given topic we recommend Supplementary texts 1. The Moscow Kremlin, p.p Flood Defence System, p.p Phonetic drill. Mind the pronunciation of the following words with the italicized letters [a:] task, mask, past, passer-by, mast, cast [i:] receive, seize, conceit, forfeit; believe, piece, relief, thief, siege / but friend [frend], ancient [‘einjant] [kw] quite, quit, quiet, quiz, equal, quantity, quote 9. Word construction (Different ways to construct words) 9.1. prefixes: en (em before b, p, m) придает значение включения внутрь чего-либо: ex. to encage сажать в клетку; to entruck сажать на грузовик; приведения в какое-либо состояние: ex. to enslave порабощать; to encourage ободрять. 29
16 Translate the following words keeping in mind their prefixes enclose, enable, encounter, enact, emplane, encamp, embank, encase, enchant, encircle, embody, empoison,, encompass, encapsulate, enclose, embed, empurple, enrich State to what part of speech the following words belong according to their suffixes. builder, appearance, possible, action, carefully, structure, com-‘ petitor, equipment, military, deployment, specific, customer, hydraulic, competitive, remember, consistency, character, assistant, electrical, clearly, energy, useful, building Translate the following words as nouns and as verbs. change, design, mention, place, manufacture, state, engineer, use, target, base 10. Match the verb to the correct preposition 1. conflict 2. protect 3. distinguish 4. find 5. concern 6. divide 7. lead 8. borrow 9. intend 10. deal a) against b)into c) with d)to e)out f)at g) from h)for //. Speaking Practice. Discuss the topic «My University» with your partner using such words as educational year, scientific work, course paper, to be founded by / in, period, to have a break, to be situated in, to be ready with, it takes me. to get to the university, a first-year student, exams, to be late, prelim, student’s book, schedule, semester, to iast for, monitor, alumni, my favourite subject, to choose, prestigious, time-table, etc. 30 Let’s Revise the Grammar LESSON 3. С ONSTRU CTTON WORKS (see Grammar Appendix p.p ) 12. Translate the following sentences. Explain the meaning of the modal verbs can, may and must A 1. He can translate this text without a distionary. Can you translate it without a dictionary? No, I cannot (I can’t), I am not an expert in English. 2. Can a little boy lift a car? No, he can’t. He cannot do it because the car is too heavy for him. 3. If you cannot have the best, make the best of what you have. В 1. May I smoke here? Yes, of course you may, but you mustn’t. You better smoke only in the smoking-room. 2. May we use a dictionary at the exam? I think, you needn’t. 3. The teacher said that we might use a dictionary, if we could not do without it. С 1. The students must stand up when the professor comes in. 2. Must the students stand up when the professor comes in? Yes, they must. 3. When must the lecture begin? According to the timetable, the lecture must begin at 9.30 a.m. 13. Translate into English using MODAL VERBS 1. Я могу вам помочь? Да, пожалуйста. 2. Сейчас каждый может воспользоваться интернетом, не так ли? 3. Никто не должен входить в лабораторию во время проведения эксперимента. 4. В соответствии с планом тестирование должно начаться ровно в 5 часов. 5. Вы не могли бы мне помочь? 31
17 6. Можно включить телевизор? Боюсь, что нет, я должен готовиться к экзаменам. 7. Чем могу быть вам полезен? Вы не могли бы объяснить мне этот новый материал еще раз? 8. Мы можем посмотреть этот старый фильм только в одном кинотеатре города. 9. Вам следует прослушать курс лекций этого профессора. 10. Вам следует сделать все, чтобы удовлетворить требования вашего консультанта. 11. Вам следует быть убедительным при подаче документов на строительство. 14. Translate the sentences with MODAL VERBS or their EQUIVALENTS. 1. The walls may be solid or hollow. 2. The materials used for the walls construction can be brick, stone, concrete and other natural or artificial materials. 3. Man had to protect himself against the elements and to sustain himself in the conflict with nature. 4. Ruins of ancient buildings can be seen today in Greece. 5. After the war steel was short in Europe and many architects had to use concrete in their structures. К The production of many building materials is to be increased. 7. The roof should tie the walls and give strength to the construction. 8. The floors, walls, roofs and other parts of the building must be carefully designed and proportioned. 9. Conditioning air for human comfort may also be divided into two main sections- winter and summer. 10. To avoid stuffiness, the air should be given a certain amount of motion. 11. Under winter conditions this must be sufficient to distribute the heat uniformly throughout the rooms. 12. About 100,000 people had to take part in the construction of pyramids. 32 LESSON 3. CONSTRUCTION WORKS 15. Translate the sentences with the construction «there is/are, etc». 1. There are two new hotels under construction in this part of the city. 2. There exist at present different varieties of bricks. 3. There was a big transition in concrete during the times of Julus Ceasar. 4. There are many ancient buildings made of concrete remaining in Rome till nowadays. 5. Many thousands of years ago there were no houses such as people live in today. 6. There will be a need to make remodeling of the flat in a year. 7. There are evidences that ancient Greeks also used concrete in the building purposes. 8. There will be offices and shops on both sides of the avenue after its reconstruction. 9. There are parks, cycling and walking tracks, and lakes in many parts of Canberra. TIME FOR FUN 1. Compile as many words as you can with the letters of the word CONSIDERATION Remember: this is an opportunity to revise your active vocabulary! ex. side, ratio, nation, contain, near, tone, insane, read, reason, coin 2. Read and discuss with your partner the following statements Life is a great big canvas; throw all paint on it you can. Danny Kaye You cannot have everything. Where would you put it? Steven Wright 2. Зак
18 3. Read and discuss the anecdote with your partner Joseph Turner was a great English painter. He had a dog. He liked his dog very much. One day he was playing with his dog. Suddenly the dog broke his leg. Turner sent for a well-known doctor. When the doctor came, Turner said, «Doctor, my dog has broken his leg. I know that you are too good for this work but please do it. It is so important to me». The doctor was angry but he did not show it. The next day the doctor asked Turner to come to his place. Turner promised to come as he thought that the doctor wanted to see him about his dog. When Turner came to the doctor’s house, the doctor said, «Mr. Turner, I’m so glad to see you. I’d like to ask you to paint my door. I know that you are too good for this work but, please, do it. It is so important to me». Lesson 4. SOME BUILDING PROFESSIONS 1. Read and translate the text Some Building Professions A man, who has been an apprentice for some years in a building trade and has therefore enough skill *to be considered a skilled worker at his trade 1, is called tradesman or craftsman. He may be a carpenter-and-joiner, bricklayer, mason, *slaterand-tiler 2, plumber, electrician, house painter, glazier, floor-andwall tiler, plasterer, paper-hanger, steeplejack, *hot water fitter 3 and so on. Bricklayer is a tradesman who builds and repairs brickwork, lays and joints salt glazed stoneware drains, sets, chimney pots, manhole frames and fireplaces. He renders brickwork, including the insides of manholes. A sewer and tunnel bricklayer is a specialized bricklayer. In some districts of Greart Britain, bricklayers also fix wall and flooring tiles and slating and lay plaster and granolithic floors. But elsewhere these are plasterer’s specialities. Carpenter is a man who erects wood frames, fits joints, fixes wood floors, stairs and window frames, asbestos sheeting and other wallboard. He builds or dismantles wood or metal formwork. The two trades of carpenter and joiner were originally the same, and most men can do both, but specialize in one or the other. In the USA the term «carpenter» includes a joiner. The word is derived from the French word charpente, which means a wood or metal framework. Joiner is a man who makes joinery and works mainly at the bench on wood, which has been cut and shaped by the machinists. His work is finer than the carpenter’s, much of it being highly finished and done in a joinery shop *which is not exposed to weather 4. In Scotland a joiner is a carpenter-and-joiner. 2* 35